1. Lumpectomy (Breast-Conserving Surgery or Wide Local Excision (WLE)):
   • Only the tumour and a margin of surrounding tissue are removed. The rest of the breast is left intact.
   • Typically recommended for early-stage cancers, where the tumour is relatively small and localized.
   • Preserves most of the breast tissue, offering a better cosmetic result compared to mastectomy.
   • When offered for treating invasive breast cancer, it is always followed with radiation therapy to target any remaining cancer cells in the breast.
2. Mastectomy:
   • Removal of the entire breast tissue, most of the overlying skin, and sometimes the nipple-areola complex.
   • Typically offered when the size of the tumour is large compared to that of the size of the breast.
   • It is also offered when multiple tumours are identified, or when the cancer has spread extensively within the breast. It may also be done when a lumpectomy is not feasible or when a patient prefers it due to genetic factors (e.g., BRCA mutation) or personal preference.

There are different types of mastectomies:

1. • Total (Simple) Mastectomy: Removal of the whole breast but no lymph nodes.
   • Modified Radical Mastectomy: Removal of the entire breast along with some of the lymph nodes under the arm.
   • Skin sparing mastectomy: Removal of the entire breast tissue, nipple and areola, but the overlying skin is preserved for performing immediate breast reconstruction.
   • Nipple sparing mastectomy: Removal of the entire breast tissue, but preserving the overlying skin, nipple and areola to facilitate immediate breast reconstruction.
   • Risk-reducing mastectomy: Offered for women with genetic mutation that will increase their risk of developing breast cancer. Risk-reducing mastectomy can be performed as a simple mastectomy, or as skin and/or nipple sparing mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction based on personal preference of the women.